Première supercolonie de la dangereuse « fourmi électrique » détectée en France

Première supercolonie de la dangereuse « fourmi électrique » détectée en France

Cette fourmi agressive est non seulement dangereuse pour les humains et les animaux de compagnie, mais aussi pour l’écosystème, car elle élimine souvent des populations entières d’autres insectes.

Une supercolonie de Wasmannia auropunctata, communément appelée « fourmi de feu » ou « fourmi électrique », a été détectée pour la première fois en France métropolitaine, rapporte le journal La Depêche vendredi 21 octobre 2022.

Cet insecte social est très petit (environ 1,5 mm de long) et de couleur brune, mais la caractéristique pour laquelle il est le plus connu est sa piqûre extrêmement douloureuse, qui lui vaut ses surnoms. Cette piqûre a été décrite comme semblable à une “sensation d’ortie, en plus fort et en plus long, d’une durée de deux à trois heures. »

Il est également très invasif. « Originaire d’Amérique du Sud, on le trouve désormais partout », explique le Dr Audrey Dussutour, directrice de recherche au Centre national d’études scientifiques de Toulouse.

« Nous avons déjà affaire à une supercolonie, donc nous pensons que les fourmis sont là depuis environ un an », a déclaré Olivier Blight, chercheur à l’Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d’écologie de l’Université d’Avignon, qui a formellement identifié l’espèce à Toulon, dans le sud de la France, en septembre de cette année.

Une supercolonie est une colonie animale caractérisée par un nombre d’individus plus grand qu’à l’accoutumée et répartis sur une large surface. Ils sont reliés entre eux par des relations sociales complexes.

Il s’agit du deuxième cas de présence de ces dangereux insectes en Europe, après la découverte d’une première colonie à Malaga, en Espagne, en 2018.

« Lorsqu’elles occupent une position dominante, elles deviennent très agressives envers les autres espèces de fourmis. En revanche, leur agressivité envers les fourmis de la même espèce diminue », explique Blight. « Dans les forêts de Nouvelle-Calédonie, ils ont pris le dessus, on n’entend plus les sons des autres insectes », a-t-il ajouté.

Outre le danger écologique que représente la Wasmannia auropunctata, elle constitue également un risque pour les animaux domestiques et les humains. Sa morsure provoque chez l’homme une sensation de piqûre prolongée qui peut durer deux à trois heures. « Dans les plantations de café colombiennes, c’est un désastre », dit-elle. La fourmi électrique peut également provoquer un choc anaphylactique chez les personnes allergiques.

De plus, l’éradication de ce parasite est coûteuse. Dans l’État australien du Queensland, qui a été colonisé par ces fourmis en 2006, 30 millions de dollars ont déjà été dépensés dans la lutte pour les détruire.

Rappelons qu’il existe au moins 20 millions de milliards de fourmis sur Terre, réparties 15.700 espèces ou sous-espèces, mais que la plupart sont inoffensives!

Fourmi de Feu

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